Computer Numerical Control (CNC)
Computer Numerical Control is a specialised and versatile form of soft automation and its applications cover many kinds, although it was initially developed to control the motion and operation of machine tools.
Computer Numerical Control may be considered to be a means of operating a machine through the use of discrete numerical values fed into the machine, where the required input technical information is stored on a kind of input media such as floppy disk, CD ROM, DVD, USB flash drive, or RAM card etc. The machine follows a predetermined sequence of machining operations at the predetermined speeds necessary to produce a workpiece of the right shape and size and thus according to completely predictable results. A different product can be produced through reprogramming and a low quantity production run of different products is justified.
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Parts of CNC machine
1. Bed:
The bed is kind of hardened parts of a machine because the tool turret travels over the CNC lathe bed, kind of machining can't affect them.
2. Headstock:
The headstock is the main part of the machine, here the workpiece is fixed to perform an operation and also headstock of a CNC lathe machine has the main motor which drives the main spindle.
3. Tailstock:
The tailstock is for providing extra grip to the workpiece. When the operation like knurling, threading has performed these parts used to hold the workpiece.
4. Tailstock quill:
This is kind of setting the workpiece between the centers.
5. Footswitch or pedal:
Through these pedals, CNC machinist open and close the chuck to grip the component, the same way tailstock quill is taken to forward position or reversed.
6. Chuck:
Chuck is mounted on the main spindle. Here we fixed the workpiece.
7. Control panel:
The control panel is another main part of the CNC machine in which we use to set or feed the program for the operation we perform on the workpiece. This is also called the brain of a CNC machine.
8. Tool turret:
The tool is mounted on the tool turret which is used for component machining. Tool turrets vary in shapes and the number of tools that can be mounted on them.
Types of CNC machine
1. CNC laser cutting machine:
As the name itself indicates "laser cutting" it means the cutting operation is carried by laser and the operation code is fed into machine runs automatically, it is called CNC laser cutting machine.
This machine is used for sheet cutting. It provides a better surface finish.
2. CNC lathe machine:
This is widely used as a lathe in the present time because of its fast and accurate qorkiwo. It is one of the most advanced types. It uses computer programs to control the machine tool. Once the program is fed into the computer as per the program it starts operation with very high speed and accuracy. Even do preplanned programmed machine is there in which once code is set for the various operations it can starts operation without changing code in the next time. A semi skilled worker can easily operate this after the initial setup is done. These types of lathe are also used for mass production like capstan and turret but these is no programmed fed system. The components manufactured by these lathes are very accurate in dimenaional tolerances.
3. CNC milling machine:
As we know milling machine is a process of metal removing by feeding the workpiece passes through the rotating multipoint cutter. This machine is used to make gears like spur gears and also drill the workpiece bore, and products slots. The same work is performed in CNC milling by inserting the part program into the system. A semi skilled worker can easily operate this after the initial setup is done. These types of machines are also used for mass production like capstan and turret but there is no programmed fed system. The components manufactured by this machine are very accurate in dimensional tiltoleran.
4. CNC router machine:
It works similarly as other CNC machines like lathe or milling do. The main difference is, it does all the carpenter work manually like such as door carvings, interior and exterior decoration, wood panels, sign boards, wooden frames, moldings, musical instruments, furniture and so on. It provides a better surface finish. This will be a very good machine in terms of the design of the door and more.
5. CNC plasma cutting machine:
The plasma cutting machine is defined as it is a process that cuts through electrically conductive materials using an accelerated jet of hot plasma. Where as CNC plasma cutting machine is defined as the cutting operation are done by a computer numerically controlled system. As of industry grows, new technology is invented these are one of them. Provide a better surface finish.
6. Axis machine:
It is a machine in which there is a total of 5 axes. Initially it was 3 axes (X, Y and Z) the cutting operation of any instrument was done in the 3 direction but 2 additional axes added (A, B) which means there are total 5 axes, works are cut are done in the 5 direction. The axis machine is used for making sculptures.
7. 3-D printer:
3D printer is a CNC machine in which the metals are printed layer by layer. The 3D printer works for the printing of buildings and complexes. The design and drawing are made by the CAD and CAM process and then 3D printer works for visualising that design.
8. Pick and place machine:
The company Amazon having a warehouse where it used to keep a large quantity of the items are adjusted manually it takes a great time to avoid that this machine introduces to pick and place the items.
Applications of CNC machines
CNC machines are widely used in the metal cutting industry and are best used to produce the following types of products
- Parts with complicated contours
- Parts requiring close tolerances and good repeatability
- Parts requiring expensive jigs and fixtures if produces on conventional machines
- Parts that may have several engineering changes, such as during the development stage of a prototype
- In cases where human errors could be extremely costly
- Parts that are needed in a hurry
- Small batch lots or short production runs
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